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What Did The Natufians Do To Adapt Their Subsistence To Changing Climatic Conditions?

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Archaeological civilisation

Natufian culture
A map of the Levant with Natufian regions across present-day Israel, Palestinian territories, and a long arm extending into Lebanon and Syria
Geographical range Levant
Period Epipaleolithic
Dates fifteen,000–11,500 BP
Type site Shuqba cave (Wadi an-Natuf)
Major sites Shuqba cave, Ain Mallaha, Ein Gev, Tell Abu Hureyra
Preceded by Kebaran, Mushabian
Followed by Neolithic: Khiamian, Shepherd Neolithic

The Natufian culture ([i]) is a Belatedly Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Levant, dating to around fifteen,000 to 11,500 years agone.[2] The culture was unusual in that information technology supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of agriculture. The Natufian communities may be the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may take been the earliest in the world. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of cereals, specifically rye, by the Natufian culture, at Tell Abu Hureyra, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world.[3] The world'southward oldest show of bread-making has been establish at Shubayqa one, a 14,500-year-onetime site in Jordan'south northeastern desert.[iv] In addition, the oldest known evidence of beer, dating to approximately xiii,000 BP, was found at the Raqefet Cavern in Mount Carmel near Haifa in Israel.[5] [vi]

Generally, though, Natufians exploited wild cereals and hunted animals, including gazelles.[vii] Archaeogenetics accept revealed derivation of subsequently (Neolithic to Bronze Age) Levantines primarily from Natufians, besides substantial admixture from Chalcholithic Anatolians.[viii]

Dorothy Garrod coined the term Natufian based on her excavations at Shuqba cave (Wadi an-Natuf) near the boondocks of Shuqba in the western Judean Mountains.

Discovery [edit]

Dorothy Garrod (centre) discovered the Natufian culture in 1928.

The Natufian culture was discovered by British archaeologist Dorothy Garrod during her excavations of Shuqba cave in the Judaean Hills in the West Bank of the Jordan River.[ix] [ten] Prior to the 1930s, the bulk of archaeological work taking identify in British Palestine was biblical archæology focused on historic periods, and little was known nearly the region'due south prehistory. In 1928, Garrod was invited past the British School of Archæology in Jerusalem (BSAJ) to excavate Shuqba cave, where prehistoric stone tools had been discovered by Père Mallon iv years earlier. She discovered a layer sandwiched between the Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age deposits characterised by the presence of microliths. She identified this with the Mesolithic, a transitional period betwixt the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic which was well-represented in Europe simply had not even so been establish in the Nearly Due east. A year subsequently, when she discovered similar material at el-Wad Terrace, Garrod suggested the proper noun "the Natufian culture", after Wadi an-Natuf that ran close to Shuqba. Over the side by side two decades Garrod institute Natufian fabric at several of her pioneering excavations in the Mount Carmel region, including el-Wad, Kebara and Tabun, as did the French archaeologist René Neuville, firmly establishing the Natufian culture in the regional prehistoric chronology. As early every bit 1931, both Garrod and Neuville drew attending to the presence of rock sickles in Natufian assemblages and the possibility that this represented a very early agronomics.[10]

Dating [edit]

Radiocarbon dating places the Natufian culture at an epoch from the terminal Pleistocene to the very beginning of the Holocene, a time period between 12,500 and nine,500 BC.[12]

The period is usually split up into two subperiods: Early Natufian (12,000–10,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10,800–9,500 BC). The Late Natufian most likely occurred in tandem with the Younger Dryas (x,800 to 9,500 BC). The Levant hosts more than a hundred kinds of cereals, fruits, basics, and other edible parts of plants, and the flora of the Levant during the Natufian period was not the dry out, barren, and thorny landscape of today, but rather woodland.[9]

Precursors and associated cultures [edit]

The Natufian adult in the same region as the earlier Kebaran industry. Information technology is more often than not seen as a successor, which evolved out of elements within that preceding civilisation. There were also other industries in the region, such as the Mushabian culture of the Negev and Sinai, which are sometimes distinguished from the Kebaran or believed to have been involved in the evolution of the Natufian.

More by and large there has been give-and-take of the similarities of these cultures with those found in littoral N Africa. Graeme Barker notes in that location are: "similarities in the respective archaeological records of the Natufian culture of the Levant and of contemporary foragers in coastal North Africa across the tardily Pleistocene and early Holocene boundary".[thirteen] According to Isabelle De Groote and Louise Humphrey Natufians practiced the Iberomaurusian and Capsian custom of sometimes extracting their maxillary central incisors (upper front teeth).[14]

Mortars from Natufian Civilisation, grinding stones from Neolithic pre-pottery stage (Dagon Museum)

Ofer Bar-Yosef has argued that there are signs of influences coming from North Africa to the Levant, citing the microburin technique and "microlithic forms such equally biconvex backed bladelets and La Mouillah points."[fifteen] Simply recent research has shown that the presence of arched backed bladelets, La Mouillah points, and the apply of the microburin technique was already credible in the Nebekian manufacture of the Eastern Levant.[xvi] And Maher et al. land that, "Many technological nuances that accept frequently been e'er highlighted every bit significant during the Natufian were already present during the Early and Middle EP [Epipalaeolithic] and do not, in most cases, represent a radical departure in knowledge, tradition, or beliefs."[17]

Authors such as Christopher Ehret take built upon the little evidence available to develop scenarios of intensive usage of plants having built upwardly first in Due north Africa, equally a precursor to the development of true farming in the Fertile Crescent, but such suggestions are considered highly speculative until more Northward African archaeological evidence tin be gathered.[18] [nineteen] In fact, Weiss et al. take shown that the earliest known intensive usage of plants was in the Levant 23,000 years ago at the Ohalo II site.[20] [21] [22]

Anthropologist C. Loring Caryatid (1993) cross-analysed the craniometric traits of Natufian specimens with those of diverse ancient and modern groups from the Almost Due east, Africa and Europe. The Belatedly Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic Natufian sample was described as problematic due to its pocket-sized size (consisting of only three males and 1 female person), as well every bit the lack of a comparative sample from the Natufians' putative descendants in the Neolithic Near Due east. Brace observed that the Natufian fossils lay between those of the Niger-Congo-speaking populations and the other samples, which he suggested may point to a Sub-Saharan influence in their constitution.[23] Subsequent aboriginal Dna analysis of Natufian skeletal remains by Lazaridis et al. (2016) found that the specimens instead were a mix of 50% Basal Eurasian bequeathed component (see genetics) and 50% Western Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gatherer (UHG) population related to European Western Hunter-Gatherers.[24]

Co-ordinate to Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen, "It seems that sure preadaptive traits, developed already by the Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran populations within the Mediterranean park woods, played an important role in the emergence of the new socioeconomic system known as the Natufian culture."[25]

Settlements [edit]

Settlements occur in the woodland belt where oak and Pistacia species dominated. The underbrush of this open up woodland was grass with high frequencies of grain. The high mountains of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the steppe areas of the Negev desert in State of israel and Sinai, and the Syro-Arabian desert in the east were much less favoured for Natufian settlement, presumably due to both their lower carrying capacity and the company of other groups of foragers who exploited this region.[26]

Remains of a wall of a Natufian business firm

The habitations of the Natufian were semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone foundation. The superstructure was probably made of brushwood. No traces of mudbrick have been found, which became mutual in the following Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). The round houses accept a diameter between three and six meters, and they comprise a central round or subrectangular fireplace. In Own Mallaha traces of postholes have been identified. Villages tin can cover over 1,000 square meters. Smaller settlements have been interpreted by some researchers every bit camps. Traces of rebuilding in almost all excavated settlements seem to point to a frequent relocation, indicating a temporary abandonment of the settlement. Settlements take been estimated to business firm 100–150 people, but there are 3 categories: small, medium, and large, ranging from 15 sq. m to 1,000 sq. g. There are no definite indications of storage facilities.[ commendation needed ]

Material culture [edit]

The Ain Sakhri lovers, from Ain Sakhri, about Bethleem (British Museum: 1958,1007.i )

Lithics [edit]

The Natufian had a microlithic manufacture centered on short blades and bladelets. The microburin technique was used. Geometric microliths include lunates, trapezes, and triangles. There are backed blades too. A special type of retouch (Helwan retouch) is feature for the early Natufian. In the late Natufian, the Harif-point, a typical arrowhead made from a regular blade, became common in the Negev. Some scholars[ who? ] use information technology to define a carve up culture, the Harifian.

Sickle blades also announced for the first time in the Natufian lithic manufacture. The feature sickle-gloss shows that they were used to cut the silica-rich stems of cereals, indirectly suggesting the beingness of incipient agriculture. Shaft straighteners fabricated of ground stone indicate the practice of archery. In that location are heavy ground-stone basin mortars equally well.

Fine art [edit]

The Own Sakhri lovers, a carved stone object held at the British Museum, is the oldest known depiction of a couple having sex. It was constitute in the Ain Sakhri cave in the Judean desert.[27]

Burials [edit]

Natufian burial – Human 25 from el-Wad Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel (Rockefeller Museum)

Natufian grave appurtenances are typically made of shell, teeth (of red deer), bones, and rock. In that location are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and chugalug-ornaments as well.

Schematic man figure fabricated of pebbles, from Eynan, Early Natufian, 12,000 BC

In 2008, the 12,400–12,000 cal BC grave of an manifestly pregnant Natufian female person was discovered in a ceremonial pit in the Hilazon Tachtit cavern in northern Israel.[28] Media reports referred to this person as a shaman.[29] The burial contained the remains of at least three aurochs and 86 tortoises, all of which are idea to take been brought to the site during a funeral banquet. The body was surrounded by tortoise shells, the pelvis of a leopard, forearm of a wild boar, wingtip of a gilt eagle, and skull of a stone marten.[30] [31]

Long-distance exchange [edit]

At Own Mallaha (in Northern State of israel), Anatolian obsidian and shellfish from the Nile valley have been institute. The source of malachite beads is still unknown. Epipaleolithic Natufians carried parthenocarpic figs from Africa to the southeastern corner of the Fertile Crescent, c. 10,000 BC.[32]

Other finds [edit]

There was a rich bone industry, including harpoons and fish hooks. Stone and bone were worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few human being figurines made of limestone (El-Wad, Own Mallaha, Ain Sakhri), simply the favorite subject field of representative art seems to take been animals. Ostrich-shell containers have been plant in the Negev.

In 2018, the earth's oldest brewery was found, with the residue of 13,000-year-old beer, in a prehistoric cave near Haifa in State of israel when researchers were looking for clues into what establish foods the Natufian people were eating. This is eight,000 years earlier than experts previously thought beer was invented.[33]

A study published in 2019 shows an advanced cognition of lime plaster product at a Natufian cemetery in Nahal Ein Gev II site in the Upper Jordan Valley dated to 12 thousand (calibrated) years before present [grand cal BP]. Production of plaster of this quality was previously thought to take been achieved some two,000 years later on.[34]

Subsistence [edit]

Mortar and pestle from Nahal Oren, Natufian, 12,500–9500 BC

The Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains is poor because of the soil conditions, but wild cereals, legumes, almonds, acorns and pistachios may have been collected. Animate being bones show that gazelle (Gazella gazella and Gazella subgutturosa) were the principal prey. Additionally deer, aurochs and wild boar were hunted in the steppe zone, every bit well every bit onagers and caprids (ibex). Water fowl and freshwater fish formed part of the diet in the Jordan River valley. Animal bones from Salibiya I (12,300 – ten,800 cal BP) have been interpreted every bit evidence for communal hunts with nets, however, the radiocarbon dates are far too onetime compared to the cultural remains of this settlement, indicating contamination of the samples.[35]

Development of agriculture [edit]

A pita-like bread has been found from 12,500 BC attributed to Natufians. This bread is made of wild cereal seeds and papyrus cousin tubers, basis into flour.[36]

According to one theory,[29] it was a sudden modify in climate, the Younger Dryas result (c. 10,800 to 9500 BC), which inspired the development of agriculture. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year-long interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the Last Glacial Maximum, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would take endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but upon which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, they began to practise agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agronomics is controversial in the scientific community.[37]

  • Grinding tool from Gilgal, Natufian civilization, 12,500–9500 BC

  • Basalt sharpening stones, Eynan and Nahal Oren, Natufian Civilization, 12,500–9500 BC

  • Bovine-rib dagger, HaYonim Cave, Natufian Civilisation, 12,500–9500 BC

  • Stone mortars from Eynan, Natufian menses, 12,500–9500 BC

  • Stone mortar from Eynan, Natufian catamenia, 12,500–9500 BC

Domesticated dog [edit]

At the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha in Israel-Palestine, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-calendar month-old puppy were found buried together.[38] At some other Natufian site at the cavern of Hayonim, humans were plant buried with two canids.[38]

Anthropology [edit]

Osteological analysis of skeletal remains that were excavated from Natufian sites has identified two distinct only related physical types. The earlier Natufian skulls are dolichocephalic, with a big, thick-walled and robust structure and a wide, directly and rounded brow. Additionally, the facial skeleton is broad, the supraorbital ridge is quite prominent, the orbits are low, wide and rectangular, the orbital index is correspondingly depression, and the nasal root is moderately elevated. Among such crania are the skull of a adult female found at the Erg el Ahmar site. On the whole, these earliest Natufian specimens most closely resemble Upper Paleolithic skulls from Europe as well as Iberomaurusian crania from Afalou bou Rummel in northwest Africa, but have a slightly more than narrow nasal aperture.[39]

Later Natufian skeletal remains are more than abundant, and were excavated from sites like Shuqbah and Kebara. They are considerably shorter and less muscular and robust than their predecessors. The males average 160 cm in height (with a maximum of 165 cm), and the women stand effectually 152 cm. Individuals have small easily, feet, lower jaws and chins, with some alveolar prognathism and wide, low-vaulted noses. Too, the facial skeleton is pocket-size, and the neurocranium is of medium size. The skulls are more often than not sub-dolichocephalic (cephalic index values of 72 to 78), and the supraorbital ridges are not prominent. Overall, these late Natufian specimens are Mediterranean in physical type, but possibly also have a minor Negroid chemical element.[39]

Genetics [edit]

Woman's pelvis busy with fox teeth, Hayonim Cavern, Natufian Civilization, 12,500–9500 BC

According to ancient DNA analyses conducted in 2016 past Iosif Lazaridis et al. and discussed in two articles "The Genetic Structure of the World'southward First Farmers" (June 2016) and "Genomic Insights into the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East (July 2016)[24] [40] on Natufian skeletal remains from present-day northern Israel, the remains of v Natufians carried the post-obit paternal haplgroups:

Y-Dna haplogroups

  • E1b1b1b2 (xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) - meaning an unspecified co-operative of E1b1b1b2
  • E1b1 (xE1b1a1, E1b1b1b1) - i.e. a branch of E1b1 that is neither E1b1a1 nor E1b1b1b1.
  • E1b1b1 - originally classified as CT but further defined as E1b1b1 by Martiniano et al. 2020.[41]

Haplogroup E1b1 is primarily distributed in Africa,[42] and is nowadays at lower frequencies in the Middle East, mainly in Egypt (40%), Jordan (25%), Israel (20%), Palestine (20%), and Lebanon (17.five%).[43]

Autosomal Dna

In terms of autosomal DNA, these Natufians carried around 50% of the Basal Eurasian (Exist) and l% of Western Eurasian Unknown Hunter Gatherer (UHG) components. However, they were distinct from the northern Anatolian populations that contributed to the peopling of Europe, who had Western Hunter Gatherer-like (WHG) inferred ancestry, in contrast to Natufians who lacked this component. Natufians were strongly genetically differentiated,[44] This might propose that different strains of Basal Eurasians contributed to Natufians and Zagros farmers,[45] [46] [47] every bit both Natufians and Zagros farmers descended from different populations of local hunter gatherers. Contact between Natufians, other Neolithic Levantines, Caucasus Hunter Gatherers (CHG), Anatolian and Iranian farmers is believed to take decreased genetic variability amidst afterward populations in the Middle Due east. The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread south into Eastward Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and Basal Eurasian ancestral components dissever from that which would make it afterwards in N Africa. In the 2016 written report by Lazaridis et al., no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans was constitute in the genome-wide analysis, as present-mean solar day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians. Withal the scientists state that they were unable to test for affinity in the Natufians to early North African populations using present-day North Africans equally a reference because nowadays-twenty-four hours N Africans owe most of their ancestry to back-migration from Eurasia.[24] [48]

Aboriginal DNA assay has confirmed ancestral ties betwixt the Natufian culture bearers and the makers of the Epipaleolithic Iberomaurusian culture of the Maghreb,[49] the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture of the Levant,[49] the Early Neolithic Ifri n'Amr or Moussa culture of the Maghreb,[50] the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture of Due east Africa,[51] the Late Neolithic Kelif el Boroud civilisation of the Maghreb,[l] and the Ancient Egyptian culture of the Nile Valley,[52] with fossils associated with these early on cultures all sharing a common genomic component.[fifty]

A 2018 analysis of autosomal DNA using modern populations every bit a reference by Daniel Shriner in the journal Frontiers of Genetics found The Natufian sample to consist of 61.2% Arabian, 21.ii% Northern African, x.9% Western Asian, and 6.8% Omotic-related ancestry (related to the Omotic peoples of southern Ethiopia). The study as well suggested that this Omotic component may have been associated with the spread of Y-haplogroup E (especially Y-haplogroup East-M215, also known every bit "E1b1b") lineages to Western Eurasia.[53] The aforementioned article also reports Y Deoxyribonucleic acid (duplicating Lazaridis' 2016 YDNA results) but as well including mitochondrial haplogroups in Table ii as follows.(sample quantity followed by group)

Y-Dna haplogroups

  • one) E1b1
  • 2) E1b1b
  • 2) E1b1b1b2


Mitochondrial DNA

  • 2) J2
  • 1) N1
  • 2) R1b

Language [edit]

Limestone and basalt mortars, Eynan, Early on Natufian, circa 12,000 BC

While the flow involved makes it hard to speculate on any language associated with the Natufian culture, linguists who believe it is possible to speculate this far dorsum in time accept written on this bailiwick. As with other Natufian subjects, opinions tend to either emphasize North African connections or Asian connections. The view that the Natufians spoke an Afroasiatic language is accepted by Vitaly Shevoroshkin.[54] Alexander Militarev and others have argued that the Natufian may represent the culture that spoke the proto-Afroasiatic language,[55] which he in turn believes has a Eurasian origin associated with the concept of Nostratic languages. The possibility of Natufians speaking proto-Afroasiatic, and that the linguistic communication was introduced into Africa from the Levant, is approved by Colin Renfrew with caution, as a possible hypothesis for proto-Afro-Asiatic dispersal.[56]

Some scholars, for example Christopher Ehret, Roger Blench and others, contend that the Afroasiatic Urheimat is to be found in North Africa or Northeast Africa, probably in the expanse of Arab republic of egypt, the Sahara, Horn of Africa or Sudan.[57] [58] [59] [60] [61] Inside this grouping, Ehret, who similar Militarev believes Afroasiatic may already have been in existence in the Natufian period, would associate Natufians only with the About Eastern pre-proto-Semitic branch of Afroasiatic.[ citation needed ]

Sites [edit]

The Natufian civilisation has been documented at dozens of sites. Around 90 have been excavated, including:[62]

  • Aammiq ii
  • Tell Abu Hureyra
  • Abu Salem
  • Abu Usba
  • Ain Choaab
  • Ain Mallaha (Eynan)
  • Own Rahub
  • Ain Sakhri
  • Ala Safat
  • Antelias Cave
  • Azraq 18 (Own Saratan)
  • Baaz
  • Bawwab al Ghazal
  • Beidha
  • Dederiyeh
  • Dibsi Faraj
  • El Khiam
  • El Kowm I
  • El Wad
  • Erq el Ahmar
  • Fazael IV & Half-dozen
  • Gilgal 2
  • Givat Hayil I
  • Har Harif K7
  • Hatoula
  • Hayonim Cavern and Hayonim Terrace
  • Hilazon Tachtit
  • Hof Shahaf
  • Huzuq Musa
  • Iraq ed Dubb
  • Iraq el Barud
  • Iraq ez Zigan
  • J202
  • J203
  • J406a
  • J614
  • Jayroud 1–3 & 9
  • Jebel Saaidé Two
  • Jeftelik
  • Jericho
  • Kaus Kozah
  • Kebara
  • Kefar Vitkin 3
  • Khallat Anaza (BDS 1407)
  • Khirbat Janba
  • Kosak Shamali
  • Maaleh Ramon East
  • Maaleh Ramon West
  • Moghr el Ahwal
  • Mureybet
  • Mushabi IV & 19
  • Nachcharini Cave
  • Nahal Ein Gev II
  • Nahal Hadera I and Nahal Hadera 4 (Hefsibah)
  • Nahal Oren
  • Nahal Sekher 23
  • Nahal Sekher Half-dozen
  • Nahr el Homr 2
  • Qarassa iii
  • Ramat Harif (G8)
  • Raqefet Cave
  • Rosh Horesha
  • Rosh Zin
  • Sabra 1
  • Saflulim
  • Salibiya ane
  • Salibiya ix
  • Sands of Beirut
  • Shluhat Harif
  • Shubayqa 1
  • Shubayqa half dozen
  • Shukhbah Cave
  • Shunera Six
  • Shunera VII
  • Tabaqa (WHS 895)[63]
  • Taibé
  • TBAS 102
  • TBAS 212
  • Tor at Tariq (WHS 1065)
  • Tugra I
  • Upper Besor half dozen
  • Wadi Hammeh 27
  • Wadi Jilat 22
  • Wadi Judayid (J2)
  • Wadi Mataha
  • Yabrud 3
  • Yutil al Hasa (WHS 784)

See likewise [edit]

  • Prehistory of the Levant
  • Proto-Afroasiatic language
  • Afroasiatic Urheimat

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Natufian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford Academy Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Grosman, Leore (2013). "The Natufian Chronological Scheme – New Insights and their Implications". In Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, François R. (eds.). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Concluding Pleistocene Social Changes in Southwest asia (1 ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 622–627. doi:10.2307/j.ctv8bt33h. ISBN978-1-879621-45-nine. JSTOR j.ctv8bt33h – via JSTOR.
  3. ^ Moore, Andrew K. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J. (2000), Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-510806-4
  4. ^ "Prehistoric broil-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread". BBC. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  5. ^ "'World'south oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers". British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  6. ^ "'13,000-twelvemonth-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world". The Times of State of israel. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  7. ^ Kottak, Conrad P. (2005), Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 155–156, ISBN978-0-07-289028-0
  8. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Well-nigh East" (PDF). Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:ten.1038/nature19310. PMC5003663. PMID 27459054. Fig. four. "Our information document continuity across the transition betwixt hunter– gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus–Iran highlands. The qualitative bear witness for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter–gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs i, 3). We confirm this in the Levant past showing that its early farmers share significantly more than alleles with Natufians than with the early on farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage. "We used qpAdm (ref. vii) to estimate Basal Eurasian beginnings in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the primeval populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±half-dozen% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian beginnings was widespread across the ancient Near E. [...] The thought of Natufians as a vector for the motion of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the aforementioned population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Data, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to aboriginal DNA from Due north Africa."
  9. ^ a b Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian Civilization in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF), Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 (five): 159–177, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)vi:v<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7
  10. ^ a b Boyd, Brian (1999). "'Twisting the kaleidoscope': Dorothy Garrod and the 'Natufian Culture'". In Davies, William; Charles, Ruth (eds.). Dorothy Garrod and the progress of the Palaeolithic. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 209–223. ISBN9781785705199.
  11. ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (vi Jan 2017). "Mapping Postal service-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC5216412. PMID 28059138.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Balter, Michael (2005), The Goddess and the Balderdash, New York: Free Press, ISBN978-0-7432-4360-5
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF), Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 (v): 159–177, doi:x.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)half dozen:five<159::Assist-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999). "Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel". Antiquity. 73 (280): 402–409. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00088347. S2CID 160868877.
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francois R. (ed.), The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, ISBN978-1-879621-03-nine
  • Campana, Douglas 5.; Crabtree, Pam J. (1990). "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: The Social and Economic Implications". Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. iii (2): 223–243. doi:10.1558/jmea.v3i2.223.
  • Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (second ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing, ISBN978-0-521-63247-8
  • Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-article of clothing analysis of ground stone tools", Journal of Archaeological Scientific discipline, 31 (11): 1613–1629, doi:x.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003
  • Munro, Natalie D. (August–October 2004). "Zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 45: S5–S33. doi:ten.1086/422084. S2CID 42749024.
  • Simmons, Alan H. (2007), The Neolithic Revolution in the Almost East: Transforming the Man Landscape, Academy of Arizona Press, ISBN978-0816529667

External links [edit]

Media related to Natufian at Wikimedia Commons

  • Epi-Palaeolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian Culture of State of israel (The History of the Ancient Near East)
  • Cultural Complexity (Hierarchical Societies [Socio-Economical-Political Inequalities]) in Mesopotamia: An Outline, archived from the original on 2016-x-08, retrieved 2002-06-02
  • The genetic structure of the globe's beginning farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian_culture

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